Futurist: Humanity's Nowruz in 21st Century
New
Variant to Meet Human Needs
Sam Ghandchi
http://www.ghandchi.com/human-variant-book-english-v2.htm
آینده نگر: نوروز بشریت در قرن بیست و یکم
واریانت جدید برای تأمین نیازهای بشر
http://www.ghandchi.com/human-variant-book-v2.htm
P.S. 11/18/24: One of the two main interests of mine in theoretic work has always been Futurism [the other being philosophical results of science as discussed especially in my book 'A Walnut under the Microscope: Science, Religion, Philosophy and Change.'] This book here is about New Variant and is the main work of mine in this area of my studies of futurist thinking. Basically I found the advancements of AI to be of such an importance that 40 years ago in a paper entitled "Intelligent Tools: The Cornerstone of a New Civilization," my expectation was to see glacial changes in AI at that time in mid 1980's but it did not happen till now, i.e. about 40 years later, when we are suddenly seeing ChatGPT, Gemini and other groundbreaking AI tools which are finally making giant strides! During the last 40 years, I read Ray Kurzweil's book entitled 'Singularity is Near' about 20 years ago in 2005 and even discussed it extensively in an interview in Persian in 2007. But I still did not see a real glacial change happening, the change that we just started seeing this last year! Also although I had written a lot about Kurzweil's new book 'Singularity is Nearer,' for a long time before it was finally published last summer, but when I picked up the book in hard cover, just about 3 months ago, what I learned from the actual book Singularity is Nearer, was an answer to my long time question of 40 years: Basically Ray has shown in the new book why 40 years ago, AI did not make this giant advancement advancement we are now witnessing: All AI developments 40 years ago were centered around **Symbol Processing** and although the neural networks already had started 40 years ago but it is really in this decade that we have the best practices in Deep Learning and the new AI tools like ChatGPT and Gemini are no longer centered around Symbol Processing but are rather centered around Deep Learning which is very similar to way human brain uses patter recognition rather than processing symbols! My thanks to Ray Kurzweil who has finally answered my question of the last 40 years in his new book! I think now the progress of new variant discussed in this book, has a lot more chance of rapid progress thanks to the new AI tools of this decade which are no longer limited to Symbol Processing! SG
P.S. 12/03/23: Dear Readers, As I promised 2 months ago in my interview at Mehestan, I just finished adding all new updates to the appendices at the end of this book but unfortunately I doubt it if I will ever be able to incorporate them in the main body of the book considering the rapid deterioration of my health! Best Wishes for all. SG
P.S. 11/24/21: Two Choices Beyond Kurzweil's Singularity
P.S. 05/30/21: Kurzweil: Intelligent Tools, Singularity and Obstacle
P.S. 4/21/21: Preface 2021-New Human Variant
P.S. Nowruz 2020: In this new print still the appendices at the end have not been incorporated in the main text, and hopefully will be done in the next edition. This book has been written from a futurist perspective and suggests some kind of a renewal or Nowruz of human life in realms of biology, economics, social relations and politics.
P.S. 9/25/19: New related articles were added to the end of the book.
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My thanks to Ray Kurzweil for taking the time to review this electronic book which was first published under the title of 'New Variant to Meet Human Needs.' Mr. Kurzweil also sent me the following comment which is published here with his permission.
Ray Kurzweil's Comment of November 1, 2016: Looks good, Sam. I appreciate the comments.
Social gathering of six bonobos at San Diego Zoo, 2006.
Table of Contents
Preface 2021-New Human Variant#000
Chapter One-New Human Variant is Needed
Chapter Two-Why Kurzweil was right
Chapter Three-A Question from Kurzweil
Chapter Four-Next Stage of Self-Consciousness
Preface 2021-New Human Variant
http://www.ghandchi.com/preface2021-new-human-variant-english.htm
This is preface 2021 to my book about the need for a new human variant; and as noted two years ago, we need to be vigilant about proliferation of side-effects with exponential growth, which will not be discussed here again. On February 8, 2011, i.e. 10 years ago, this author published an article entitled 'New Human Variant is Needed,' which was well-received by Ray Kurzweil. I continued the work, and 5 years later, on November 1, 2016, published an online book entitled: 'Futurist: Humanity's Nowruz in 21st Century (New Variant to Meet Human Needs)', and the book was also well-received by Ray Kurzweil. Later, more articles were added to the book, as appendices, during the last 5 years, and unfortunately after 10 years, I still have not found the time to incorporate those articles in the main text of the book, and hopefully will do in the near future. Nonetheless this new preface is a fresh look at the topic especially after "Elon Musk’s brain-chip company, Neuralink, has recently released a video of a monkey playing video games!" In this new 2021 preface, I will not discuss Neuralink's achievement, but will rather have a philosophical discussion about how the invention of modern science, created a new level of human understanding of the world, nonetheless, in the absence of a new variant, this potential was never fully materialized because transfer of the knowledge was still achieved, at best, by *education*, and not by change of humans themselves to a new variant! Although this topic may not directly be connected to meeting human needs which is the focus of this book, but it reciprocally affects human needs and how they are fulfilled! Modern science dates back to Descartes and Newton and even Aristotle in Ancient Greece discusses scientific achievements of his time! Science basically is not about any scientist claiming some kind of *Ontology*, rather similar to Descartes, the most general approach by scientists, is epistemological, or what Descartes refers to as a *methodology* of science! In other words from the time human beings invented science, understanding the universe at the macro or micro level was no longer a philosophical speculation about the world by philosophers like Plato in Ancient Times or mystics in the Middle Ages! In fact although there were philosophers like the Existentialists in Modern Times, whether in the tradition of Heidegger or that of Sartre's, who still talked of *Ontology* as a separate discipline from science, but they did not really achieve anything new in understanding the reality, as compared to what scientists discovered! The pre-scientific philosophical or religious thought stopped to offer anything new knowledge since the start of Middle Ages. In fact, as early as 19th Century, prominent thinkers like Karl Marx and Frederick Engels who based their works on science, would not try speculating on an *Ontology* of their own, and this is why Marx in the first volume of Capital talks of turning Hegel's philosophy upside down, trying to base his *Dialectical Ontology* on materialism of Feuerbach, an approach that was continued by Engels, in Dialectics of Nature, Engels tried to re-write Hegel's Dialectics as a new *Ontology*, using the science of his time, by making it based on what he called 'materialism,' when trying to form a Marxist version of what Hegel had created in his Philosophy of Nature! Nonetheless, later, Frederick Engels in his introduction to Anti-Duhring, completely rejects the need for independence of philosophy on the ground that various sciences are capable of approaching different problems of knowledge without the need for any philosophy to embrace it all, in other words, he was actually taking a positivist approach by stating that each scientific discipline will discover its own area of truth and there is no need for a philosophical approach as a separate attempt to understand 'everything-there-is,' i.e. an *Ontology*. Thus even Engels approaches positivism at the end; in juxtaposition to what he tried, when writing 'Dialectics of Nature!' In other words philosophical attempt at *Ontology* was avoided by Engels at the end of his life, and what remained for Marxists, was *Epistemology*, i.e. the theory of knowledge, although again among later Marxists, the philosophical dogma of Marxism, i.e. Dialectical Materialism: the Marxist Mystification of Scientific Worldview, became a semi-Ontology, and by doing that, as far as philosophy itself was concerned, Marxists, on one hand, dropped discussions of Ontology and only focused on Epistemology although at the same time talked of *Dialectics* as some kind of a Religious Ontology, supposedly as an overall view of the world as a whole, while contradicting new sciences such as Relativity and Quantum Physics! About a century after Marxist founders, Karl Popper and others who had views like Hume and Kant, had no problem questioning philosophical principles like causality, although they were not positivists! Popper focused on *Epistemology* in his book entitled Objective Knowledge, and formed a general philosophical approach to the world by postulating theory of falsification which he considered as what the scientists do, and discussed it as an epistemological approach to reality! There were others like Thomas Kuhn working on philosophy of science, who thought Paradigm Shifts determines the progress of scientific thinking. Regardless of such differences among the philosophers of science, they arrived at the same thought, as Engels did, at the end of his life, that epistemology was the enterprise of philosophers after the rise of modern science, and any philosophical discussion of *Ontology*, separate from science, is meaningless! In other words, whether one believed in the answers various scientific theories provided about understanding the world, the word of science became the criteria of truth about the universe at macro or micro level, and it did not matter if one was a positivist or believed in some philosophical epistemology that would have a more general model of understanding of the world such as Popper's Falsification, nonetheless, this perspective would not support any ontology separate from the verdict of science. And of course, all this was true for most philosophers who saw the impact of modern science on their discipline, with the exception of religious or mystic philosophies, who were just remnants of the past, and tried to justify their *Ontology* by reinterpreting science, rather than deriving their philosophical thought from science! Thinkers such as Willis Harman and Morris Berman are good examples of such thinkers! What we learned in the era of Modern Science was that Epistemology is central to our understanding of the universe and any *Ontology* separate from the epistemological discoveries is basically a religious or semi-religious thought and not philosophical thinking! Now with the advent of new human variant, this scientific understanding can be incorporated in the mental system of a new variant, and totally be co-present in life of human beings and not just be a glimpse of genius for a few! In fact, although prior to new variant, the human species as far as its mental capacities are concerned, has not moved much beyond the humans of 5 million years ago and at best is more educated and can refer to its knowledge for particular needs. Maybe this is why the thinking of ordinary humans of the world at large is still defined by religious *Ontologies* of thousands of years ago, i.e. the views long before modern science was even invented!
April 21, 2021
Introduction 2016
If the issues of the needs of the growing human population can be addressed by a variant whose needs could be modified, rather than trying to modify the socioeconomic reality to fit the existing needs, as has been the case for the last 10,000 years, in effect, we are solving the economic issue without really trying to come up with an economic model.
Most of the content of this book were published as separate articles in the past. I need to mention that especially in the area of biology and genetics I owe a lot to a young scientist who has asked me not to mention his name, otherwise, rightfully this writing should have borne the name of two authors. And I would like to express my appreciation to Ray Kurzweil. The comments of Ray Kurzweil about the first chapter of this book were written when it was published five years ago as an article, and also Kurzweil's other comments about a collection of articles published between 2011 and 2013 helped me to continue this project (1). Finally I need to remind everyone that republishing this book, just like all my other writings is free on the condition that the reprint of this material is done with no change.
Chapter One-New Human Variant is Needed
In the industrial society of the last three centuries, the visionaries of both capitalism and socialism focused their attention on economics. Adam Smith was the economist for capitalism and Karl Marx was for socialism. The modern futurists such as Ossip Flechtheim (2) and Bertrand De Jouvenel (3), after the end of WW2, came to the conclusion that neither capitalism nor socialism provide the framework to solve the issues of freedom and economic justice, and focused on the need to go beyond the industrial society itself; nonetheless, they had their focus on *economics*. And later, Daniel Bell, the prominent theorist of Information Society, in his book The Coming of Post-Industrial Society, still had his focus on economics and in fact considered his work as the next volume of Marx's Capital. Also, for futurists like F.M. Esfandiary (4), FM-2030, who discussed human engineering, still such changes were seen as long term factors impacting current social development, and the global change was still viewed as the development of the information society.
Ray Kurzweil has shown us the imminence of major changes in human body and mind in his seminal work The Singularity is Near (5), where he predicts the Singularity to be around 2045. For my own part, in 1985, viewed Intelligent Tools to be imminent to be the cornerstone of production both with respect to what the tools had been and also what humans had done as tools (6). Nonetheless today, thanks to the eye opening work of Kurzweil, I see that the human, as far as its needs are concerned, must become a new variant in order to achieve a just and free world.
It is interesting that all pre-Kurzweil futurists including FM-2030 focused on economic theory, whereas Kurzweil has made his mission not only to predict the *nearness* of Singularity but actually to try to play a major role in how this change will usher in. Although he does not say that he is being an agent of the new upcoming mutations for a new human variant, it seems inevitable to me to conclude from his work that this is what he sees as imminent.
Hitherto, all mutations were basically errors at the genetic level, and viable mutants survived, whether their predecessors vanished or continued to live in parallel (7). Formerly, humans have artificially started new species, such as by grafting trees or making new dog species, which hardly differ from their predecessors in terms of basic needs, but instead differ in some traits such as fur color or facial features. But now we have the advent of new genetic modification by gene therapy and site-directed mutagenesis (8)to make mutants that can be significantly different from existing species. Using these methods, a new human variant should be significantly different in its *basic needs* from its predecessor exactly because of the economic factor in the global reality, which is talked about the least by those who correctly see this evolutionary change in the horizon.
All the focus of economic, social and political thinkers in industrial society, and even before that, going back to the ancient thinkers, had been the issue of humans' basic needs. In other words, food, clothing and shelter are central to any social or political thought, because any sociopolitical model has to be able to provide the basic needs for the humans it is being proposed to manage. This factor even is at the heart of systems like slavery that required slave masters to be able to provide the minimum basic needs for more than themselves in order to own a slave. Now if the issues of the needs of the growing human population can be addressed by a variant whose needs could be modified, rather than trying to modify the socioeconomic reality to fit the existing needs, as has been the case for the last 10,000 years, in effect, we are solving the economic issue without really trying to come up with an economic model. In other words, rather than focusing on envisioning an economic model which can provide social justice for humans as they are, we will focus on envisioning a new variant whose needs can be addressed with the current state of technology and natural resources in the world.
This proposal is not an exercise in science fiction but instead the real futurism for our time. What has remained of modern futurism of the turn of the 20th Century is nothing more than analytic forecasting, and there is hardly anything visionary in it. This is why Alvin Toffler himself ends up supporting Newt Gingrich for his vision of future US economy and social change (9), because frankly, forecasting about information society can hardly come up with any novel solution to the old structures of the industrial society, which in both its capitalist and socialist forms has long been nonfunctional. Even in the largest economy in the world -- the U.S. -- poverty can be seen in the homeless sleeping in snow a few blocks from the White House in DC, and 48 million people without even basic healthcare were living in the U.S. in 2012. And Europe with all its socialist tradition is not in any better shape either. European countries are even cutting retirement benefits when more people are living longer lives -- which is becoming bad news rather than good news -- because human needs are not changing although humans are able to live longer.
Not all mutations are good. Many mutations are deleterious or neutral. And we cannot wait for a specific desirable mutation to happen over the course of time (10) and in response to what Kurzweil calls *accelerated change*, humanity needs to work for *accelerated evolution* (11). Thus, we should not wait for inducing the desirable mutation. Any ethical system that considers such action as unethical will leave humanity vulnerable to the worst conditions, while we witness the accelerated growth of Information Society. Obsolete ethics cannot provide the answer to the current dilemma of the human species, no matter how much it calls itself spiritual. We need to change our ethical views, which are more of an obstacle, than our economic theory.
The centrality of needs rather than work is the major difference between what futurists are facing today and what the leading thinkers faced in 19th Century.
Planning for a new human variant is not limited to discussions for or against trans-humanism. Ray Kurzweil believes that we will not have trans-humans, but rather it will be the humans who will make the leap as Homo sapiens sapiens have done many times in the course of evolution. Others want to refer to this change as trans-humans. The point is not about traits as much as the needs. A new variant with suitable needs for the global reality is the epochal change that can make a just and free society feasible for humanity.
An example of an animal species with radically different basic needs from most other animals may be found in the Tardigrades, also known as water bears (12). Tardigrades are able to survive and reproduce in extreme temperatures, radiation, and space vacuums.
The discourse regarding a new human variant involves a mechanism for this transition. One would need to induce mutations in the human genome in order to create changes in phenotype and develop new human traits, but how would one know what to mutate, especially if these mutations are hitherto unobserved? Another issue is how to run experiments using accurate models and overcome any ethical barrier in order to observe the effects of various mutations on phenotype in humans.
Once this variant is developed, would it be a species (13) or subspecies (14)? In order to qualify as a new species, the variant must not be able to reproduce naturally and make fertile offspring with a typical human. We should research this, because if the new variant is able to do so, then it might be a new subspecies instead of a species.
Chapter Two-Why Kurzweil was right
In the first chapter, discussing Ray Kurzweil's vision of Singularity, it was
argued why a new human variant is needed in order to achieve the ideals of
freedom and economic justice.
The reality is that humans being biological will be limited by Darwinian
survival of the fittest. Darwin himself was a liberal and the most liberal
Social Democratic governments of Western Europe, or the leftist Communist states
of Eastern Bloc at the time of Soviet Era, were not able to escape this
predicament of human biological foundation (15). Also in 1989, discussing
economic scarcity, when reviewing "Theory of Uniqueness Value" (16), Daniel Bell
in a letter to me noted that the issue was also known to Karl Marx who thought
it would go away with abundance (17).
As noted in the first chapter, already the rudimentary increase of the average
human life span is creating a lot more problems than solutions for human
societies when a developed country like the US is afraid of running out of
Social Security money and European nations are making huge cuts to their social
welfare. It is true that we need to see how self-awareness will evolve once we
advance beyond our current biological existence (18), but this should not be a
cause to remain biological. Biological progress is extremely slow for present
epochal changes. The alternative is for humans to evolve nonbiologically.
***
On July 24, 2012, Ray Kurzweil in a comment on my
article entitled "Two Paths Beyond Singularity," wrote: "I agree that hardware
alone is not sufficient but my key point is that we are making exponential gains
in mastering the software of life and intelligence as well. I disagree that
biological intelligence will be better than nonbiological intelligence at
anything come the 2030s" (19).
Now four years later, I have come to the conclusion that Ray was right and I was
wrong. In the above article, I had written that "biological entities are much
more capable than non-biological intelligent tools in their self-learning of the
external world (and using) Kant’s terminology, the former is better at
*synthetic* truth whereas the latter is better at *analytic* truth." The recent
announcement of scientists of IBM Research in Zurich shows that I was wrong
(20).
In other words, as Kurzweil had put it at that time, the "key point is that we
are making exponential gains" with nonbiological intelligence, whereas for
biological processes including biological intelligence, we are limited by
barrier of speed of biological life itself that even modifying the genes by gene
therapy, GMO or other methods will not be able to make up for the fundamental
slow gains of biological processes as compared to exponential gains of
nonbiological artificial intelligence.
Sensors of internet of things enabled by the artificial neurons noted by the IBM
scientists could beat any human or biological intelligence in self-learning the
external world and discovering what Kant called *synthetic* truth, not to
mention that they will bypass us for what Kant called *analytic* truth which we
have already reached with our current computers-- orders of magnitude beyond any
biological intelligence.
***
In reality, We are results of desired errors. If we
look at human DNA we see that it continuously makes errors when copying itself
and has a mechanism to delete the bad copies. Sometimes a bad copy is not
deleted such as when we get cancer. But that is not all. There may also be times
when a bad copy ends up in a desired new evolutionary change, which is what
happened when animal kingdom branched out or when mammalian life started or when
human species separated from other primates.
Therefore, on one hand we do not like the errors in the DNA replication which
are the basis of deadly diseases like cancer but at the same time we cherish the
inception of human species as the greatest achievement of the evolutionary life
on Earth. It is definitely a paradox of our life.
Changes of inanimate objects in the universe do not seem to suffer from the same
mechanism and seems like this paradox is specific to biological life. In
nonbiological sphere of physics, all events are explained by the laws of
physics. True that quantum physics has introduced indeterminism into the science
as well but we would not consider one quantum scenario versus the other as an
"erroneous" versus a "correct" event. It seems like this phenomena of desired
errors is particular to biological life and perhaps it has to do with "purpose"
which is again something particular to biological entities, which not only we
see all throughout the biological life but sometimes we even attribute purpose
to inanimate world as "final" causes (21)!
Maybe with human beings evolving beyond biological life, we may be able to still
have purpose but not be limited by the double-edged mechanism of DNA which has
brought both catastrophe of deadly diseases like cancer as well as monumental
evolutionary changes from the time of early bacteria to our current human
existence.
Chapter Three-A Question from Kurzweil
In the second chapter I pointed out my error, and correctness of Ray's view
about the two paths beyond Singularity and concluded that biological progress is
extremely slow for present epochal changes and the alternative is for humans
mainly to evolve nonbiologically.
I would like to ask a question hoping Ray Kurzweil to answer it. Let's first
reiterate what we know. Basically humans by using their understanding of laws of
nature, introduce events in the world which would not otherwise happen if the
Earth was only housed by inanimate objects. But it is not just humans that
create such effects, animals, plants or even bacteria make similar impacts on
the world by using their perception of how things work to achieve their basic
needs and even intentions. Of course humans, thanks to tool-making, have made
their impact stand out more than other species and the effect is currently
immensely enhanced by the invention of intelligent tools.
Of course, all intelligent tools used by humans or when becoming part of human
enhancement will still make such impact in the world based on needs and
intentions of humans. Otherwise, just left to themselves, non-intelligent tools
or intelligent tools such as computers are objects that are not self-driven. In
other words a sliding door of Walmart can work better than any human operated
door but if it is not programmed for the goals of its human owners, it is like
any other inanimate object.
Now my question is that logically there is nothing to stop other species to use
the new intelligent tools for their goals. Even in nature, we see some animals
using tools or even using other animals as tools the same way humans used dogs
or messenger pigeons as intelligent tools. So if we have this evolution or
merger with machines of other species in the post-Singularity world, the same
way we have the merger of human and machine, what makes us so sure that the
latter will still hold the superiority? In other words, why wouldn't for example
the merger of tardigrades and machine not make a superior species? The only
reason humans evolving from primates became a superior species was because they
were first to achieve a critical mass in the evolution of their senses and
intelligence thanks to tool-making. Otherwise, their basic needs and intentions
were not necessarily much superior to many other biological species.
Chapter Four-Next Stage of Self-Consciousness
In the third chapter, the significance of merger of other biological species and
computers was discussed, noting it may result in a more advanced species on
Earth than the merger of humans and computers. Let us now discuss the next stage
of self-consciousness. In November 2010, the following dialogue with Ray
Kurzweil about the next stage of human consciousness was published in KurzweilAI:
I wrote: "Hello Ray, In the last few years I have
been basically writing in Persian and hardly anything in English. One thing I’ve
been recently discussing that I thought may be of interest to you is that it
seems to me the next stage of human consciousness will be about being self-aware
of ourselves in a different body. Maybe recognizing ourselves in the mirror
after plastic surgery is the first in a series of steps that with augmenting
human body artificially and with possibility of upload and download of the brain
will continue. Just as we are amused when we look at the smarter monkeys who can
recognize themselves in the mirror. Maybe future humans will have a much
different sense of self-awareness than we do and will be amused to watch us.
Especially recognizing music tunes as part of one’s identity or
self-”finger”-print!" Ray Kurzweil responded: "Dear Sam, It is remarkable how
much people identify with their visual appearance. When I changed myself into
Ramona for my 2001 TED presentation, even though the technology was fairly crude
by today’s standards, it did give me the idea that my true identity is not my
visual appearance, that we can and will change that. We need deeper mirrors."
And I replied: "Thank you, Ray, In Persian there is an expression that says if
you do not like what you see in the mirror, break yourself — not the mirror.
Apparently our self image in our internal mirror is something worth
investigating" (22).
The above started with researching the reason of why secularism failed in half
of the world (23), but analysis continued to delve into human self-awareness as
we advance towards Singularity (24). It seems like the next stage of
self-consciousness is intertwined with the merger of humans and other species
with the computers. This could be humbling for humans as we may see other
species to contribute to our self-consciousness in significant ways thanks to
intelligent tools. Therefore getting closer to Singularity and beyond, as noted
in 2010, the next stage of human consciousness will be about being self-aware of
ourselves in a different body, biological or non-biological, but how we will see
ourselves may not be as much anthropocentric when other species are also merging
with the computers.
Hoping for a democratic and secular futurist republic in Iran,
Sam Ghandchi, Editor/Publisher
IRANSCOPE
http://ghandchi.com/index2.html
November 1, 2016
Footnotes:
1. Ray Kurzweil's comment of Feb 6, 2011 about the first article entitled "New Human Variant is Needed" was: "Thanks, well done, Sam."
Singularity Topics with Kurzweil's Comments
http://www.ghandchi.com/900-singularity-kurzweil-eng.htm
مباحث سینگولاریته با کامنت های
کورزویل
http://www.ghandchi.com/900-singularity-kurzweil.htm
2. Ossip K. Flechtheim-
Futurology
http://www.ghandchi.com/iranscope/Anthology/Flechtheim.htm
3. Bertrand de
Jouvenel-Nature 0f Future
http://www.ghandchi.com/iranscope/Anthology/Jouvenel.htm
4.
Transhumanism and a Tribute to Fereidoun FM Esfandiary
http://www.ghandchi.com/368-transhumanismEng.htm
ترانس-هومانیسم و یادی از فریدون اسفندیاری
http://www.ghandchi.com/368-transhumanism.htm
5.
Singularity and Us
http://www.ghandchi.com/423-SingularityEng.htm
یکتائی انفصالی و ما
http://www.ghandchi.com/423-Singularity.htm
6.
Intelligent Tools: The Cornerstone of a New Civilization
http://www.ghandchi.com/353-IntelligentToolsEng.htm
ابزار هوشمند: شالوده تمدنی نوین
http://www.ghandchi.com/353-IntelligentTools.htm
7. Evolution by mistake: Major driving
force comes from how organisms cope with errors at cellular level
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/01/110125172418.htm
8. Site-directed mutagenesis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site-directed_mutagenesis
9.
About Tofflers, newt Gingrich, Republican party, etc
http://www.ghandchi.com/113-newtgingrich.htm
بحثی در مورد حمایت الوین تافلر از نوت گینگریچ
http://www.ghandchi.com/1102-toffler-gingrich.htm
Political Alternative in 21st Century
http://www.ghandchi.com/1189-political-alternative-21st-english.htm
آلترناتیو سیاسی در قرن بیست و یکم
http://www.ghandchi.com/1189-political-alternative-21st.htm
10.
Number of mutations per human per generation=
(1*10^(9)mutations/nucleotide)(2*3.2*10^9nucleotides/individual)=
6.4mutations per individual.
Number of mutations per population per generation=
(6.4mutations/individual)(6.486*10^9individuals/population)=
41.5*10^9mutations.
So the one-half of DNA one inherits from his/her father or mother differs from theirs by 3 mutations.
For chromosomal mutations versus point mutations (a nucleotide changes)
see: http://www.1lec.com/Genetics
11. Accelerated evolution used to develop enzymes that provide
protection against nerve gas
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/01/110124102921.htm
12. Tardigrade or water bear
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrade
13. Species
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species
14. Subspecies
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies
15. Marxism and Futurism
http://www.ghandchi.com/793-marxism-futurism-eng.htm
مارکسیسم و آینده نگری
http://www.ghandchi.com/793-marxism-futurism.htm
16. A Theory of Uniqueness Value
http://www.ghandchi.com/297-uniquenessEng.htm
یک تئوری ارزش ویژه
http://www.ghandchi.com/297-uniqueness.htm
17. Daniel Bell's Letter to Sam Ghandchi dated September 5, 1989
http://www.ghandchi.com/Bell090589.jpg
18. Understanding Self-consciousness: Differentiating
Humans from other Sentient Beings
http://www.ghandchi.com/699-SelfConsciousnessEng.htm
گفتگویی با ری کرزوایل در مورد خودآگاهی
http://www.ghandchi.com/708-SelfConsciousness.htm
19. Two Paths beyond Singularity
http://www.ghandchi.com/701-TwoPathsBeyondSingularityEng.htm
دو راه در فراسوی نقطه انفصالی
http://www.ghandchi.com/711-TwoPathsBeyondSingularity.htm
20. IBM scientists emulate neurons with phase-change technology
http://www.kurzweilai.net/ibm-scientists-emulate-neurons-with-phase-change-technology
21.
Spinoza's Refutation of Teleology
http://www.ghandchi.com/406-SpinozaEng.htm
اسپینوزا در رد علت غائی
http://www.ghandchi.com/406-Spinoza.htm
22. Ask Ray, The future of human
self-awareness, deeper mirrors November 15, 2010
http://www.kurzweilai.net/ask-ray-the-future-of-human-self-awareness-deeper-mirrors
23. Why Secularism Failed in Half of the World
http://www.ghandchi.com/639-WhySecularismFailedEng.htm
چرا سکولاریسم در نیمی از جهان
شکست خورد
http://www.ghandchi.com/639-WhySecularismFailed.htm
http://www.kurzweilai.net/ask-ray-the-future-of-human-self-awareness-deeper-mirrors/comment-page-1#comment-1489
24. Understanding Self-consciousness: Differentiating Humans from other Sentient
Beings
http://www.ghandchi.com/708-SelfConsciousness.htm
درک خودآگاهی: تفکیک انسان از دیگر موجودات متفکر
http://ir.voanews.com/a/1404119.html
http://www.ghandchi.com/699-SelfConsciousnessEng.htm
Related Resources
Ray Kurzweil, Singularity is
Near
http://singularity.com
The following article was written 31 years ago in the Fall 1985 issue of the scientific journal of Artificial Intelligence
Intelligent Tools: The Cornerstone of a New Civilization
http://www.ghandchi.com/353-IntelligentToolsEng.htm
ابزار هوشمند: شالوده تمدنی نوین
http://www.ghandchi.com/353-IntelligentTools.htm
Why Gene Therapy is Not Making
Progress and a Solution
http://www.ghandchi.com/995-gene-therapy-english.htm
چرا "جین تراپی" پیشرفت نمی کند و یک راه حل
http://www.ghandchi.com/995-gene-therapy.htm
Ray Kurzweil's Response to
Genetics and Death Topic
http://www.ghandchi.com/1421-kurzweil-genetics-english.htm
پاسخ کرزوایل به بحث ژنتیک و مرگ
http://www.ghandchi.com/1421-kurzweil-genetics.htm
Are Hawking and Musk Right about
AI's Danger
http://www.ghandchi.com/1542-ai-hawking-musk-english.htm
آیا دیدگاه هاوکینگ و ماسک درباره خطر هوش مصنوعی درست است
http://www.ghandchi.com/1542-ai-hawking-musk.htm
Futurism: What I have Learned
from Daniel Bell and Ray Kurzweil
http://www.ghandchi.com/1656-daniel-bell-english.htm
آینده نگری: آنچه از دانیل بل و ری کرزوایل آموختم
http://www.ghandchi.com/1656-daniel-bell.htm
Futurist Party Aims for What Marx Deferred to
Distant Future
http://www.ghandchi.com/1677-marx-omission-futurist-party-english.htm
حزب آینده نگر در پی هدفی که مارکس به آینده دور
موکول می کرد
http://www.ghandchi.com/1677-marx-omission-futurist-party.htm
Many Paths Beyond Singularity as Proposed by
Kurzweil
http://www.ghandchi.com/1681-many-paths-beyond-singularity.htm
چندین راه در فراسوی سینگولاریته طرح شده کرزوایل
http://www.ghandchi.com/1681-many-paths-beyond-singularity.htm
Can Human Maximum Age be Increased
http://www.ghandchi.com/1687-increasing-maximum-age-english.htm
آیا عمر حداکثر بشر قابل افزایش است
http://www.ghandchi.com/1687-increasing-maximum-age.htm
Predictive Analytics of Gene-Editing Side-Effects
Beats Cancer, but!
http://www.ghandchi.com/1814-beat-cancer-english.htm
پیش بینی عوارض جانبیِ تغییر ژنی، سرطان را شکست
خواهد داد، اما!
http://www.ghandchi.com/1814-beat-cancer.htm
Ray Kurzweil's Response about Impact of Law of
Accelerating Returns on Housing, Clothing and Food
http://www.ghandchi.com/1970-kurzweil-scarcity-english.htm
پاسخ ری کرزوایل درباره قانون بازگشت پرشتاب در عرصه
مسکن، پوشاک و خوراک
http://www.ghandchi.com/1970-kurzweil-scarcity.htm
Kurzweil and Problem of Common Sense
http://www.ghandchi.com/2043-kurzweil-english.htm
ری کرزوایل و مسأله عقل سلیم
http://www.ghandchi.com/2043-kurzweil.htm
My Thanks to Ray Kurzweil
http://www.ghandchi.com/2067-ray-kurzweil-english.htm
سپاسگزاری از ری کرزوایل
http://www.ghandchi.com/2067-ray-kurzweil.htm
Nanobots or Humanoids
http://www.ghandchi.com/2164-nanobots-or-humanoids-english.htm
نانوباتها یا انسان نماها
http://www.ghandchi.com/2164-nanobots-or-humanoids.htm
Modern Futurist Visions in Retrospect
http://www.ghandchi.com/2224-futurists-english.htm
بازنگری ویزیونهای آینده نگری مدرن
http://www.ghandchi.com/2224-futurists.htm
Kurzweil and Biological Path in Vicinity of
Singularity
http://www.ghandchi.com/2230-kurzweil-biology-english.htm
کرزوایل و مسیر بیولوژیک در حوالی سینگولاریته
http://www.ghandchi.com/2230-kurzweil-biology.htm
Kurzweil's Response about the Next Step in Making
of an Artificial Sentient Being
http://www.ghandchi.com/2246-kurzweil-next-english.htm
پاسخ ری کرزوایل درباره گام بعدی در ساختن موجود متفکر مصنوعی
http://www.ghandchi.com/2246-kurzweil-next.htm
Futurist Alert: Kurzweil's Exponential Growth
Proliferates Side-Effects
http://www.ghandchi.com/2555-exponential-growth-side-effects-english.htm
آگهباش آینده نگر: رشد پرشتاب کرزوایل، عوارض جانبی را تکثیر می کند
http://www.ghandchi.com/2555-exponential-growth-side-effects.htm
Is Kurzweil's Singularity Disruptive
http://www.ghandchi.com/2623-singularity-disruptive-english.htm
آیا سینگولاریته ی کرزوایل دیسراپتیو است
http://www.ghandchi.com/2623-singularity-disruptive.htm
Danielle: Kurzweil Paints Futurism
in a Children's Novel
http://www.ghandchi.com/2680-kurzweil-danielle-english.htm
دَنیِل: کرزوایل آینده نگری را در یک رمان کودکانه به تصویر می کشد
http://www.ghandchi.com/2680-kurzweil-danielle.htm
Popper, Kurzweil, Self, and
Computers
http://www.ghandchi.com/2781-brain-self-english.htm
پوپر، کرزوایل، سلف و کامپیوترها
http://www.ghandchi.com/2781-brain-self.htm
Futurism Suffered a Major Setback
due to Wrong Expectations from Genetics
http://www.ghandchi.com/2850-futurists-major-setback-english.htm
عقبگرد عمده ی آینده نگری به دلیل انتظارات غلط از ژنتیک
http://www.ghandchi.com/2850-futurists-major-setback.htm
Root Cause of People's Uprisings is
Post-Industrial Injustice
http://www.ghandchi.com/2926-root-cause-of-uprisings-english.htm
علت ریشه ای خیزش های مردمی بی عدالتی فراصنعتی است
http://www.ghandchi.com/2926-root-cause-of-uprisings.htm
Secularism: Main Problem of Former
Religious People is not Superstition
http://www.ghandchi.com/3094-religiosity-secularism-english.htm
سکولاریسم: مشکل اصلی دینداران پیشین خرافات نیست
http://www.ghandchi.com/3094-religiosity-secularism.htm
Civilization, Secular Democracy and
Singularity
http://www.ghandchi.com/3129-civilization-seculardemocracy-singularity-english.htm
تمدن، سکولار دموکراسی و سینگولاریته
http://www.ghandchi.com/3129-civilization-seculardemocracy-singularity.htm
Ray Kurzweil, Futurists, US Election and IslamicKKK
http://www.ghandchi.com/3131-futurists-us-election-english.htm
ری کرزوایل، آینده نگرها، انتخابات آمریکا، و کوکلاکس کلانهای اسلامی
http://www.ghandchi.com/3131-futurists-us-election.htm
Sanders and Biden: Progressives
Need a Kurzweilian Futurist Platform
http://www.ghandchi.com/3157-sanders-biden-kurzweil-english.htm
سندرز و بایدن: پروگرسیوها یا ترقی خواهان به پلاتفرمِ کرزوایلیِ آینده نگر نیاز
دارند
http://www.ghandchi.com/3157-sanders-biden-kurzweil.htm
Mr. Sanders, Kurzweil is Antidote to Ferguson and
Khomeini
http://www.ghandchi.com/3168-sanders-kurzweil-english.htm
آقای سندرز، کرزوایل پادزهر فرگوسن و خمینی است
http://www.ghandchi.com/3168-sanders-kurzweil.htm
Dialectical Materialism: Marxist Mystification of
Scientific Worldview
http://www.ghandchi.com/3170-marxist-dialectics-english.htm
ماتریالیسم دیالکتیک: سحرآمیزی مارکسیستی جهان بینی علمی
http://www.ghandchi.com/3170-marxist-dialectics.htm
Bill Gates and Why Futurists did not Predict Corona
Pandemic
http://www.ghandchi.com/3176-corona-futurists-english.htm
بیل گیتس و اینکه چرا آینده نگرها پاندمی کرونا را پیش بینی نکردند
http://www.ghandchi.com/3176-corona-futurists.htm
Not Just a Futurist: Living in the Age of
Singularity
http://www.ghandchi.com/3179-age-of-singularity-english.htm
نه فقط یک آینده نگر: زندگی در عصر سینگولاریته
http://www.ghandchi.com/3179-age-of-singularity.htm
Camaraderie and Modern Futurist Movement
http://www.ghandchi.com/3183-camaraderie-futurists-english.htm
کمارادری و جنبش آینده نگری مدرن
http://www.ghandchi.com/3183-camaraderie-futurists.htm
Corona, Work, and Alternative Income
http://www.ghandchi.com/3198-corona-income-english.htm
کرونا، کار و درآمد آلترناتیو
http://www.ghandchi.com/3198-corona-income.htm
Corona, China and Globalization
http://www.ghandchi.com/3204-corona-globalization-english.htm
کرونا، چین و گلوبالیسم
http://www.ghandchi.com/3204-corona-globalization.htm
Monads, Humanoids, Superhuman and the Future
http://www.ghandchi.com/3309-monads-humanoids-english.htm
مونادها، انسان نماها، سوپرانسان و آینده
http://www.ghandchi.com/3309-monads-humanoids.htm
Corona, Gene Therapy, Obama, Kurzweil
http://www.ghandchi.com/3212-corona-gene-therapy-english.htm
کرونا، جین تراپی، اوباما، کرزوایل
http://www.ghandchi.com/3212-corona-gene-therapy.htm
Corona, Exponential Change and Ray Kurzweil
http://www.ghandchi.com/3224-exponential-change-english.htm
کرونا، تغییر پرشتاب و ری کرزوایل
http://www.ghandchi.com/3224-exponential-change.htm
Futurism: Why Studied Horse Population Growth
Patterns
http://www.ghandchi.com/4165-horse-population-english.htm
آینده نگری: چرا روال رشد جمعیت اسبها را مطالعه کردم
http://www.ghandchi.com/4165-horse-population.htm
Two Choices Beyond Kurzweil's Singularity
http://www.ghandchi.com/4200-two-choices-english.htm
دو گزینه در فراسوی سینگولاریته ی کرزوایل
http://www.ghandchi.com/4200-two-choices.htm
Is Intelligence Key to Progress: Both Yes and No
http://www.ghandchi.com/4286-progress-intelligence-english.htm
آیا هوش کلید ترقی است: هم آری و هم نه
http://www.ghandchi.com/4286-progress-intelligence.htm
Philosophical Reflection: Rationalism and Futurism,
First English Edition
http://www.ghandchi.com/4304-falsafe-english.htm
تأملی فلسفی: خردگرائی و آینده نگری
http://www.ghandchi.com/4304-falsafe.htm
Has AI Passed Human Intelligence? Yes and No
http://www.ghandchi.com/4314-ai-vs-human-intelligence-english.htm
آیا هوش مصنوعی از هوش بشر جلو زده؟ آری و نه
http://www.ghandchi.com/4314-ai-vs-human-intelligence.htm
Singularity: From Big Bang to Kurzweil's
Technological Singularity
http://www.ghandchi.com/4326-kurzweil-bigbang-singularity-english.htm
سینگولاریته: از بیگ بنگ تا سینگولاریته تکنولوژیک
کرزوایل
http://www.ghandchi.com/4326-kurzweil-bigbang-singularity.htm
Kurzweil's Discussion of His Book 'Singularity is
Nearer' and Vision of the Future
http://www.ghandchi.com/4360-kurzweil-new-book-english.htm
بحث کرزوایل درباره کتاب «سینگولاریته نزدیکتر است» و
ویزیون آینده
http://www.ghandchi.com/4360-kurzweil-new-book.htm
Marx, Philosophers and Change, but How
http://www.ghandchi.com/4449-philosophers-change-english.htm
مارکس، فلاسفه و تغییر، اما چگونه
http://www.ghandchi.com/4449-philosophers-change.htm
Postscript: Leibniz's Monads and Javadi's CPH
http://www.ghandchi.com/394-MonadsCPHEng.htm
پی نوشت: مونادهای لایبنیتس و سی. پی. اچ جوادی
http://www.ghandchi.com/394-MonadsCPH.htm
'What is Futurism?' only in Persian
http://www.ghandchi.com/468-AyandehnegariChist.htm
آینده نگری چیست؟ فقط به فارسی
http://www.ghandchi.com/468-AyandehnegariChist.htm
Kurzweilian Futurism, AI and Jobs
http://www.ghandchi.com/4473-kurzweilian-futurism-english.htm
آینده نگری کرزوایلی، هوش مصنوعی و مشاغل
http://www.ghandchi.com/4473-kurzweilian-futurism.htm
Making an Asteroid Shield for Earth
is a Must for Human Survival
http://www.ghandchi.com/4479-asteroid-sheild-english.htm
ایجاد سپر دفاعی برای کره زمین در برابر سیارکها نیازی مبرم برای بقای بشریت است
http://www.ghandchi.com/4479-asteroid-sheild.htm
On Refutation of the Anthropic Principle
http://www.ghandchi.com/4487-anthropic-principle-english.htm
در رد اصل انتروپیک
http://www.ghandchi.com/4487-anthropic-principle.htm
Once Again About Kurzweil's Book: Singularity is
Near
http://www.ghandchi.com/4493-singularity-is-near-english.htm
یکبار دیگر در مورد کتاب کرزوایل تحت عنوان: سینگولاریته نزدیک است
http://www.ghandchi.com/4493-singularity-is-near.htm
Featured Topics
http://featured.ghandchi.com
For a Secular Democratic & Futurist Republican Party in Iran
http://www.ghandchi.com/futuristparty/index.html
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This
Author's Books were Published as a Mesh of Interrelated Articles
http://www.ghandchi.com/2778-books-as-a-mesh-english.htm
کتابهای صاحب این قلم بصورت «مِش» از مقالات مرتبط منتشر شده اند
http://www.ghandchi.com/2778-books-as-a-mesh.htm